Italy
• 800BC First Greek colonists reachItaly
• 700BC Rise of the Etruscans
• 509BC Foundation ofRomanRepublic
• 202BC Victory over Carthaginians makesRomedominant power in.
Germany
• 750AD Mission of St. Boniface to Germany
• 843 Charlemagne’s empire divided; Louis the German rules Lands East of Rhine
• 962 Otto I crowned Emperor
• 1155 Frederick Barbarossa crowned Emperor
• 13th Century North German Hanseatic League starts to dominate trade in Baltic region
• 1356 Golden Bull establishes role of Electors
• 1517 Martin Luther attaches his 95 Theses to the door of a church in Wittenberg
• 1555 Peace of Augsburg ends religious Wars
• 1618-48 German ravaged by Thirty years’ War
• 1740-86 Reign of Frederick the Great
• 1806 Napoleon abolishes Holy Roman Empire
• 1862-90 Rule of Bismarck
• 1914-18 World War I
• 1933 End of Weimar Republic; Hitler comes to power
• 1939-45 World War II after Germany’s Defeat country divided into west and east
• 1990 Reunification of Germany
• 2002 Germany joins single European currency
• Adolf Hitler (1889- 1945) As head of Nazi Party ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945. Germany, Italy and Japan formed axis power & started 2nd World War. He committed numerous atrocities during the wars, including genocide against Jews, killing 60 lacs Jews.Second World War was the most widespread wars in the human history and 7 crore people from all parts of the world, majority of them being civilians were killed. Hitler committed suicide in 1945, when he lost the war.
Switzerland
• 58BC-AD 400 Roman occupation
• AD 400- 1100 Germanic peoples – the Allemani and Burgundians – inhabit the area
• 12th Century Holy Roman Empire extends feudal law over much of present – day Switzerland
• 1220 Gotthard pass opened
• 1291 Oath of Allegaiance marks beginning of the Swiss Confederation
• 1351 Zurich joins the Confederation
• 1477 Charles the bold of Burgundy defeated by Swiss troops at battle of Nancy
• 16th Century Reformation; Protestantism takes firm hold in Swiss cities
• 1798 Napoleon creates the Helvetic Republic
• 1815 Power of cantons re-established
• 1830-48 Federal constitution drawn up
• 1864 International Red cross set up
• 1914-18 & 1939-45 Switzerland remains neutral during two world wars
• 1946 UN offices established in Genava
• 1998 Global settlement sum agreed by Swiss banks by way of reparations for Holocaust Claims
• 2002 Switzerland declared member of the UN
